Consciousness-Raising Through Written Corrective Feedback: The Case of Marked Third Person -s

This study examined and compared the effects of consciousness-raisingwritten corrective feedback in 2 newly-developed levels in terms of marked thirdperson -s acquisition. Nine elementary level intact classes, including 191 malelanguage learners within the age range of 11-14 at Iran Language Institute, weretaken as the participants. Relying on the participants’ placement test results,previous term scores, and a pretest to measure their knowledge of marked thirdperson -s, 62 participants in 3 groups were selected to take part in this study. Then,they were assigned into 2 experimental groups treated differently through (a) writtenpronoun prompt and (b) visually enhanced reformulation for the first 20 min of 6consecutive sessions over 1 month. No feedback was given to the control group.Two parallel pretest and immediate posttest were used as the instruments. Thefindings based on ANCOVA, and the t tests showed that the written- pronounpromptgroup outperformed the visually enhanced reformulation one.